Judge quashes Alberta separation petition in favour of First Nations

EDMONTON — A judge threw out an Alberta separatist petition Wednesday, ruling the province had a duty to consult with First Nations — a decision quickly declared “anti-democratic” by Premier Danielle Smith.

Justice Shaina Leonard also said Alberta’s chief electoral officer should never have issued the referendum petition.

The premier promised there would be an appeal.

“This is a decision by one judge,” said Smith. “We think that this decision is incorrect in law and anti-democratic, and we will be appealing it as a result.”

Lawyers for several First Nations argued last month that Alberta’s referendum process and its use by separatists is unconstitutional, as there’s no requirement for Indigenous consultation. They also said separation would violate treaty rights.

Government lawyers defended the process and pushed for the separatist petition to play out.

“As a matter of logic and common sense, there can be no doubt that Alberta’s secession from Canada will have an impact on Treaties 7 and 8,” the judge wrote.

She said a bill the government passed in December amending the citizen-initiated referendum process “put in motion a series of required steps that engaged the duty to consult.”

“No consultation occurred. Alberta breached its duty to consult with the applicants,” Leonard said.

The legislation removed the requirement that proposed referendum questions be constitutional and the ability of the chief electoral officer to refer proposals to the courts for review.

It also allowed applicants to reapply.

When the separatist group Stay Free Alberta first applied last summer for a petition, its question was referred to a judge for review.

That judge, the day after the bill was tabled, ruled the group’s question was unconstitutional. The group reapplied, and their petition was issued in January.

Leonard said the separatists shouldn’t have been allowed to reapply, because the chief electoral officer denied their first proposal Dec. 8. The legislation came into force three days later.

“The first proposal was not pending when the amendments came into force. It had been rejected and had come to an end,” the judge said.

Allan Adam, chief of Athabasca Chipewyan First Nation celebrated the ruling. The First Nation, along with the Blackfoot Confederacy, representing the Siksika, Kainai and Piikani First Nations, launched the case.

“This decision reinforces the importance of treaty rights, meaningful consultation, and the recognition of the serious impacts decisions like these would have on First Nations communities,” Adam said in a statement.

“This decision should close the chapter on the suggestion of an independence referendum. The court has spoken — and so have the First Nations.”

Smith said changes her government made to the petition process were meant to make it more permissible.

She also questioned the judge’s ruling on the duty to consult, saying that obligation is usually reserved for specific projects, such as pipelines.

Jeff Rath, a lawyer for Stay Free Alberta, said it also plans to appeal.

“We disagree fundamentally with the decision which appears on its face to violate the principles of natural justice and contain numerous errors of law,” Rath said in a statement.

He added that the premier could simply call a referendum on separation, as “301,620 Albertans expect her to do so.”

Asked about demands for her to put separation on a ballot, Smith said she needed to discuss the judge’s decision with her cabinet and United Conservative Party caucus.

Smith and some of her cabinet ministers have said they support a sovereign Alberta within a united Canada but also believe in direct democracy.

Stay Free Alberta handed in its petition last week, boasting that it had nearly 302,000 names — well above its 178,000 requirement.

Smith had said if the petition got enough signatures, the group’s question would be put on a ballot this fall.

Last month, Leonard ordered a pause on the signature verification process for the petition while she considered the challenge.

Lawyers for the province argued in court that it was premature to consult with Indigenous leaders about the petition, because the government wasn’t yet taking action on Alberta leaving Canada.

The lawyers said that if a referendum passed and the province took steps to follow through, then a duty to consult would be triggered.

During the hearing, the judge questioned why consultation wasn’t done sooner, since First Nations have been sounding the alarm over the prospect of separation for more than a year.

The government’s lawyers said it was a policy choice and that the province was within its rights to wait.

The premier has outlined nine questions dealing with immigration and constitutional changes for an Oct. 19 referendum, and a separation question going on the ballot was up in the air.

A pro-federalist petition was earlier verified.

Thomas Lukaszuk, a former Alberta deputy premier, spearheaded the “Forever Canadian” petition, which had just over 400,000 signatures verified by election officials in December.

This report by The Canadian Press was first published May 13, 2026.

— With files from Lisa Johnson